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Health Online: Hepatitis B vaccination understanding and its prev...

Health Online: Hepatitis B vaccination understanding and its prev...:                                                                                                                     HBV Immunization ...

Health Online: Top 10 scariest Diseases of All time.

Health Online: Top 10 scariest Diseases of All time.:                Top 10 Scariest diseases 1.     Progeria.                                                                          ...

Top 10 scariest Diseases of All time.

               Top 10 Scariest diseases

1.    Progeria.

                                                           

                                               

Progeria is an extremely rare genetic disorder in which symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at a very early age. Those born with progeria typically live to their mid teens to early twenties. Progeria was first described in 1886 by Jonathan Hutchinson. It was also described independently in 1897 by Hastings Gilford. The condition was later named Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome. The word progeria comes from the Greek words "pro" meaning "before" or "premature" and "gēras, meaning "old age". Scientists are partly interested in progeria as it might reveal clues about the normal process of aging.

2  Water allergy.

                                                             

                                             

You people heard many types of allergy but this disorder present with painful rashes that break out wherever water touches the skin. Usually within an hour after contact with water, the sufferer will end up with small wheals, which are raised, reddened areas also known as papules. It’s an extremely rare disorder, with only 100 reported cases worldwide. The diseases cant transfer from one person to another that’s why doctors believed genetics components is involved. However, most cases take place in separate families, with only a few happening to relatives. While some cases can be quite gentle, most are extremely painful, with sufferers resorting to either extremely short baths or none at all in order to avoid the pain.

     3.    Elephantiasis.                           

Elephantiasis is a condition characterized by gross enlargement of an area of the body, especially the limbs. Other areas commonly affected include the external genitals. Elephantiasis is caused by obstruction of the lymphatic system, which results in the accumulation of a fluid called lymph in the affected areas. Functioning as part of the immune system, the lymphatic system helps to protect the body against infection and disease. It consists of a network of tubular channels (lymph vessels) that drain a thin watery as lymph from different areas of the body into the bloodstream. Obstruction of these vessels results in the massive swelling and gross enlargement characteristic of elephantiasis.

4. Clarkson’s desease. 

                                            

                                                                               

It is due pores in the small blood vessels called capillaries due to which fluid leakout into body spaces Although rare, the only way to treat Clarkson's disease is to to inject fluids into the body to counter the bloating. This is a problem in itself since it takes three full days for the bloating to stop - and in the mean time it can lead to damage to vital organs and tissues ultimately causing death.

5.Were wolf syndrome.

                                              

This disease is also know as Hypertrichosis. It is the overproduction of hair anywhere on the body. Men and women, babies and adults -- the condition doesn't discriminate. There are variations of the disorder, some resulting in hair growth patterns that likely contributed to ancient "wolfman" folklore. When present at birth, it's the result of the fine, soft hair that covers a fetus continuing to grow, instead of shedding before birth as it normally does. But more often, it develops as a result of some genetics variation. There is no effective cure for this diseases.

6. FIBRODYSPLASICA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA.

                                            

This disease which is due to some genetics changes With fewer than 800 cases worldwide the disease which is nearly impossible to treat. FOP causes the body's tissue repair systems to stop working and it begins to heal damaged muscles, tendons and tissues by turning them into bone. The new bones do not have flexible joints so once they start to grow throughout the body it becomes nearly impossible for someone with FOP to move. Cutting off the newly formed bones makes the problem even worse as this causes the bone growth to run even more amok. Any knock to the body causes more bones to being growing, thus causing a faster deterioration of the body. In the most extreme instance, a man named Harry Eastlake managed to live up to age 40 with FOP but by the end was completely immobile aside from his lips. Mr Eastlake donated his body to science soon before his death and his skeleton remains at the famous Mutter Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

7. Necrotizing Fasciitis – Flesh eating bacteria.

                                                    

Despite not being the biggest killer out there Necrotizing Fasciitis is just scary. In this disease the bacteria start eating flesh after some trauma if the wound get infected by group A streptococcus  and the skin might start to change color, and blisters form around the outside of the cut, while inside your tissues are slowly dying as toxins are released by this, now, thriving bacterial colony. Eventually this colony will grow up your arm and reach your torso where, if you haven’t  received medical help, you have a 30% chance of surviving. The worst thing about Necrotizing Fasciitis is its ability to spread extremely fast, so fast in fact that even if you do receive medical attention in time, your chances of survival are still extremely low. And if you do survive the infection you will more likely than not be permanently scarred for the rest of your life.

8. Neurofibromatosis.

                            

Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a group of three conditions in which tumors grow in the nervous system. Small lumps arise all over the skin and distort shape of the patient and cause severe disability for the patient .genetics plays important role in this disease and prognosis depend upon the stage in which patient present.

9. Leprosy.

                                                 

Leprosy is a contagious infection that causes inflammation in the skin, eyes, nerves and respiratory tract. It is contracted from exposure to a certain type of bacteria called Mycobacterium. This disease has been discussed in my religious scriptures. Symptoms can actually go unnoticed for years resulting in poor eyesight the loss of feeling in the limbs or infected area. As people lose feeling in their limbs, wounds and infections occur and eventually they may lose parts of their body. Leprosy has been around for thousands of years and in the old days they used to quarantine anyone with leprosy into leper colonies so the disease would not spread. Nowadays due to effective treatment it is very rare to find this disease.

1o. Tree Man syndrome.

                                                     

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), also known as tree man illness, is an extremely rare hereditary skin disorder associated with a high risk of skin cancer. It is characterized by abnormal susceptibility to human papillomaviruses (HPVs) of the skin and resulting massive number of warts which look like twig coming out of tree. No curative treatment is found yet.

By Dr Aamir Iqbal     

Hepatitis B vaccination understanding and its prevention.

                                                         

 

                                                       HBV Immunization

Routine infant immunization. Additional immunization strategies include prevention of peri-natal transmission. First dose of HBV vaccine should be given as soon as possible after birth to prevent peri-natal transmission. 

Age of vaccination is an important factor in the immunogenicity of HBV vaccine.

Schedule:

First injection at any given time. Second injection one month after the first one. Third injection six months after the first injection.

HB vaccine is administered through intra-muscular route in the antero-lateral aspect of thigh or deltoid.The standard pediatric dose is 0.5ml.

Other preventive measures:

While handling human blood, body fluids universal precautions should be used. There should be good personal hygiene, strict surveillance and control measure to limit transmission. Some people are apparently healthy yet they are eligible for treatment.Other strategy should include a program targeting HBV preventive efforts including vaccination for high risk groups.

By Dr Aamir Iqbal and Dr Nisar

Hepatitis B.Everything you must know about.

                                                                   

 

Hepatitis B is a serious liver disease, caused by hepatitis B virus. The disease is transmitted through human body fluids such as blood and serum. It is an alarming public health problem worldwide. Its methods of transmission include through mother to baby (perinatal), sexual contact and the use of improper injection techniques.

Epidemiology:

Prevalence of chronic HBV infection continues to be high, ranging over 10% in some Asian and Pacific countries. In the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent, an estimated 2–5% of the general population is chronically infected. 0.5% in the United States and northern European countries . The current global estimate of the number of HBV infected individuals is 350 million.Out of these 25-30% Western would die as a consequence of the infection.

Epidemiology in Pakistan:

Pakistan is highly endemic with HBV. With nine million people infected with HBV. and its infection rate is on a steady rise. The reason may be the lack of proper health facilities, poor economical status and less public awareness about the transmission of major communicable diseases including HBV.

Hepatitis B Virus:

Hepatitis B is a DNA Virus of the hepadnaviridae family of viruses. It replicates within infected liver cells (hepatocytes). These virions are 30-42 nm in diameter. The nucleocapsid encloses the viral DNA and a DNA polymerase that has reverse transcriptase activity. 14 protein of the virion coat is termed surface antigen or HBsAg. It is sometimes extended as a tubular tail on one side of the virus particle. The surface antigen is generally produced in vast excess, and is found in the blood of infected individuals in the form of filamentous and spherical particles. Filamentous particles are identical to the virion tails – they vary in length and have a mean diameter of about 22nm. The outer surface coat surrounds an inner protein shell, composed of HBc protein (hepatitis-B core protein) or HbcAg (hepatitis B core antigen). This inner shell is referred to as the core particle or capsid. Finally, the core particle surrounds the viral DNA and the enzyme, DNA Polymerase.

Signs and Symptoms:

Any common symptoms that might show up, are usually flu-like symptoms, including fever,

fatigue, muscle or joint pain. Severe symptoms include yellow eyes and skin called jaundice and a bloated or swollen stomach. Symptoms may last several weeks or months.  The illness lasts for a few weeks and then gradually improves in most affected people. A few people may have more severe liver disease and may die as a result. The infection may be entirely asymptomatic and may go unrecognized.Symptoms outside of the liver are present in 1–10% of HBV-infected people. And include serum-sickness–like syndrome, acute necrotizing vasculitis, membranous glomerulonephritis, and papular acrodermatitis of childhood . It is not possible, on clinical grounds, to differentiate hepatitis B from hepatitis caused by other viral agents and, hence, laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis is essential. They can be used to distinguish acute from chronic infections. Laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis B infection focuses on the detection of the hepatitis B surface antigen HBsAg.

Mode of Transmission:

The hepatitis B virus is carried in the blood and other body fluids. The virus is present in the blood, saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, menstrual blood, and to a lesser extent, perspiration, breast milk, tears and urine of infected individuals. The highly resilient virus, is easily transmitted through contact with infected body fluids. Hepatitis B is also spread by percutaneous or mucosal exposure to infected blood and various body fluids. Sexual transmission of hepatitis B may occur.  In addition, infection can occur during medical, surgical and dental procedures, tattooing, or through the use of razors and similar objects are contaminated with infected blood.

 

 

Risk factors associated with HBV infection:

Surgical side:  

Major risk factors in surgical patients include re-use of contaminated syringes, contaminated surgical instruments and blood products. in orthopedic patients common risk factors are previous history of surgery or blood transfusion . Major risk factors for health care workers are dental procedures, needle prick and surgical procedures. History of dialysis for more than 2 years is a risk factor for dialysis patients.

Non surgical side:  

Major risk factors for mother to infant transmission include increasing maternal age, number of pregnancies, repeated injections and addiction.It is established fact that HBsAg does not cross the placental barrier however; the infection in children/newborns may occur at the time of birth or soon after birth. The infants of HBV positive mothers must be vaccinated soon after birth and HBIG immediately within 24 hours of birth.

Prevention:

Preventive strategies for HBV infection include healthy blood transfusion services along with safe sex., The hepatitis B vaccine is the mainstay of hepatitis B prevention the complete vaccine series induces protective antibody levels in more than 95% of infants, children and young adults. Protection lasts at least 20 years and is probably lifelong.Better training of healthcare workers.All patients needing surgery should be screened for viral hepatitis and there should be separate operation theatres facilities for patients.. In addition reuse of razors in many barber shops that may spread hepatitis in a substantial number of individuals. and must be discouraged.

Treatment:

There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B. Therefore, care is aimed at maintaining comfort and adequate nutritional balance, including replacement of fluids lost from vomiting and diarrhoea. Early antiviral treatment may be required in fever than 1% of people, whose infection takes a very aggressive course (fulminant hepatitis) or who are immunocompromised. On the other hand, treatment of chronic infection may be necessary to  reduce the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer.

By Dr Aamir iqbal