Health Online: Hepatitis B vaccination understanding and its prev...

Health Online: Hepatitis B vaccination understanding and its prev...:                                                                                                                     HBV Immunization ...

Health Online: Top 10 scariest Diseases of All time.

Health Online: Top 10 scariest Diseases of All time.:                Top 10 Scariest diseases 1.     Progeria.                                                                          ...

Top 10 scariest Diseases of All time.

               Top 10 Scariest diseases

1.    Progeria.

                                                           

                                               

Progeria is an extremely rare genetic disorder in which symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at a very early age. Those born with progeria typically live to their mid teens to early twenties. Progeria was first described in 1886 by Jonathan Hutchinson. It was also described independently in 1897 by Hastings Gilford. The condition was later named Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome. The word progeria comes from the Greek words "pro" meaning "before" or "premature" and "gēras, meaning "old age". Scientists are partly interested in progeria as it might reveal clues about the normal process of aging.

2  Water allergy.

                                                             

                                             

You people heard many types of allergy but this disorder present with painful rashes that break out wherever water touches the skin. Usually within an hour after contact with water, the sufferer will end up with small wheals, which are raised, reddened areas also known as papules. It’s an extremely rare disorder, with only 100 reported cases worldwide. The diseases cant transfer from one person to another that’s why doctors believed genetics components is involved. However, most cases take place in separate families, with only a few happening to relatives. While some cases can be quite gentle, most are extremely painful, with sufferers resorting to either extremely short baths or none at all in order to avoid the pain.

     3.    Elephantiasis.                           

Elephantiasis is a condition characterized by gross enlargement of an area of the body, especially the limbs. Other areas commonly affected include the external genitals. Elephantiasis is caused by obstruction of the lymphatic system, which results in the accumulation of a fluid called lymph in the affected areas. Functioning as part of the immune system, the lymphatic system helps to protect the body against infection and disease. It consists of a network of tubular channels (lymph vessels) that drain a thin watery as lymph from different areas of the body into the bloodstream. Obstruction of these vessels results in the massive swelling and gross enlargement characteristic of elephantiasis.

4. Clarkson’s desease. 

                                            

                                                                               

It is due pores in the small blood vessels called capillaries due to which fluid leakout into body spaces Although rare, the only way to treat Clarkson's disease is to to inject fluids into the body to counter the bloating. This is a problem in itself since it takes three full days for the bloating to stop - and in the mean time it can lead to damage to vital organs and tissues ultimately causing death.

5.Were wolf syndrome.

                                              

This disease is also know as Hypertrichosis. It is the overproduction of hair anywhere on the body. Men and women, babies and adults -- the condition doesn't discriminate. There are variations of the disorder, some resulting in hair growth patterns that likely contributed to ancient "wolfman" folklore. When present at birth, it's the result of the fine, soft hair that covers a fetus continuing to grow, instead of shedding before birth as it normally does. But more often, it develops as a result of some genetics variation. There is no effective cure for this diseases.

6. FIBRODYSPLASICA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA.

                                            

This disease which is due to some genetics changes With fewer than 800 cases worldwide the disease which is nearly impossible to treat. FOP causes the body's tissue repair systems to stop working and it begins to heal damaged muscles, tendons and tissues by turning them into bone. The new bones do not have flexible joints so once they start to grow throughout the body it becomes nearly impossible for someone with FOP to move. Cutting off the newly formed bones makes the problem even worse as this causes the bone growth to run even more amok. Any knock to the body causes more bones to being growing, thus causing a faster deterioration of the body. In the most extreme instance, a man named Harry Eastlake managed to live up to age 40 with FOP but by the end was completely immobile aside from his lips. Mr Eastlake donated his body to science soon before his death and his skeleton remains at the famous Mutter Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

7. Necrotizing Fasciitis – Flesh eating bacteria.

                                                    

Despite not being the biggest killer out there Necrotizing Fasciitis is just scary. In this disease the bacteria start eating flesh after some trauma if the wound get infected by group A streptococcus  and the skin might start to change color, and blisters form around the outside of the cut, while inside your tissues are slowly dying as toxins are released by this, now, thriving bacterial colony. Eventually this colony will grow up your arm and reach your torso where, if you haven’t  received medical help, you have a 30% chance of surviving. The worst thing about Necrotizing Fasciitis is its ability to spread extremely fast, so fast in fact that even if you do receive medical attention in time, your chances of survival are still extremely low. And if you do survive the infection you will more likely than not be permanently scarred for the rest of your life.

8. Neurofibromatosis.

                            

Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a group of three conditions in which tumors grow in the nervous system. Small lumps arise all over the skin and distort shape of the patient and cause severe disability for the patient .genetics plays important role in this disease and prognosis depend upon the stage in which patient present.

9. Leprosy.

                                                 

Leprosy is a contagious infection that causes inflammation in the skin, eyes, nerves and respiratory tract. It is contracted from exposure to a certain type of bacteria called Mycobacterium. This disease has been discussed in my religious scriptures. Symptoms can actually go unnoticed for years resulting in poor eyesight the loss of feeling in the limbs or infected area. As people lose feeling in their limbs, wounds and infections occur and eventually they may lose parts of their body. Leprosy has been around for thousands of years and in the old days they used to quarantine anyone with leprosy into leper colonies so the disease would not spread. Nowadays due to effective treatment it is very rare to find this disease.

1o. Tree Man syndrome.

                                                     

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), also known as tree man illness, is an extremely rare hereditary skin disorder associated with a high risk of skin cancer. It is characterized by abnormal susceptibility to human papillomaviruses (HPVs) of the skin and resulting massive number of warts which look like twig coming out of tree. No curative treatment is found yet.

By Dr Aamir Iqbal     

Hepatitis B vaccination understanding and its prevention.

                                                         

 

                                                       HBV Immunization

Routine infant immunization. Additional immunization strategies include prevention of peri-natal transmission. First dose of HBV vaccine should be given as soon as possible after birth to prevent peri-natal transmission. 

Age of vaccination is an important factor in the immunogenicity of HBV vaccine.

Schedule:

First injection at any given time. Second injection one month after the first one. Third injection six months after the first injection.

HB vaccine is administered through intra-muscular route in the antero-lateral aspect of thigh or deltoid.The standard pediatric dose is 0.5ml.

Other preventive measures:

While handling human blood, body fluids universal precautions should be used. There should be good personal hygiene, strict surveillance and control measure to limit transmission. Some people are apparently healthy yet they are eligible for treatment.Other strategy should include a program targeting HBV preventive efforts including vaccination for high risk groups.

By Dr Aamir Iqbal and Dr Nisar

Hepatitis B.Everything you must know about.

                                                                   

 

Hepatitis B is a serious liver disease, caused by hepatitis B virus. The disease is transmitted through human body fluids such as blood and serum. It is an alarming public health problem worldwide. Its methods of transmission include through mother to baby (perinatal), sexual contact and the use of improper injection techniques.

Epidemiology:

Prevalence of chronic HBV infection continues to be high, ranging over 10% in some Asian and Pacific countries. In the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent, an estimated 2–5% of the general population is chronically infected. 0.5% in the United States and northern European countries . The current global estimate of the number of HBV infected individuals is 350 million.Out of these 25-30% Western would die as a consequence of the infection.

Epidemiology in Pakistan:

Pakistan is highly endemic with HBV. With nine million people infected with HBV. and its infection rate is on a steady rise. The reason may be the lack of proper health facilities, poor economical status and less public awareness about the transmission of major communicable diseases including HBV.

Hepatitis B Virus:

Hepatitis B is a DNA Virus of the hepadnaviridae family of viruses. It replicates within infected liver cells (hepatocytes). These virions are 30-42 nm in diameter. The nucleocapsid encloses the viral DNA and a DNA polymerase that has reverse transcriptase activity. 14 protein of the virion coat is termed surface antigen or HBsAg. It is sometimes extended as a tubular tail on one side of the virus particle. The surface antigen is generally produced in vast excess, and is found in the blood of infected individuals in the form of filamentous and spherical particles. Filamentous particles are identical to the virion tails – they vary in length and have a mean diameter of about 22nm. The outer surface coat surrounds an inner protein shell, composed of HBc protein (hepatitis-B core protein) or HbcAg (hepatitis B core antigen). This inner shell is referred to as the core particle or capsid. Finally, the core particle surrounds the viral DNA and the enzyme, DNA Polymerase.

Signs and Symptoms:

Any common symptoms that might show up, are usually flu-like symptoms, including fever,

fatigue, muscle or joint pain. Severe symptoms include yellow eyes and skin called jaundice and a bloated or swollen stomach. Symptoms may last several weeks or months.  The illness lasts for a few weeks and then gradually improves in most affected people. A few people may have more severe liver disease and may die as a result. The infection may be entirely asymptomatic and may go unrecognized.Symptoms outside of the liver are present in 1–10% of HBV-infected people. And include serum-sickness–like syndrome, acute necrotizing vasculitis, membranous glomerulonephritis, and papular acrodermatitis of childhood . It is not possible, on clinical grounds, to differentiate hepatitis B from hepatitis caused by other viral agents and, hence, laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis is essential. They can be used to distinguish acute from chronic infections. Laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis B infection focuses on the detection of the hepatitis B surface antigen HBsAg.

Mode of Transmission:

The hepatitis B virus is carried in the blood and other body fluids. The virus is present in the blood, saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, menstrual blood, and to a lesser extent, perspiration, breast milk, tears and urine of infected individuals. The highly resilient virus, is easily transmitted through contact with infected body fluids. Hepatitis B is also spread by percutaneous or mucosal exposure to infected blood and various body fluids. Sexual transmission of hepatitis B may occur.  In addition, infection can occur during medical, surgical and dental procedures, tattooing, or through the use of razors and similar objects are contaminated with infected blood.

 

 

Risk factors associated with HBV infection:

Surgical side:  

Major risk factors in surgical patients include re-use of contaminated syringes, contaminated surgical instruments and blood products. in orthopedic patients common risk factors are previous history of surgery or blood transfusion . Major risk factors for health care workers are dental procedures, needle prick and surgical procedures. History of dialysis for more than 2 years is a risk factor for dialysis patients.

Non surgical side:  

Major risk factors for mother to infant transmission include increasing maternal age, number of pregnancies, repeated injections and addiction.It is established fact that HBsAg does not cross the placental barrier however; the infection in children/newborns may occur at the time of birth or soon after birth. The infants of HBV positive mothers must be vaccinated soon after birth and HBIG immediately within 24 hours of birth.

Prevention:

Preventive strategies for HBV infection include healthy blood transfusion services along with safe sex., The hepatitis B vaccine is the mainstay of hepatitis B prevention the complete vaccine series induces protective antibody levels in more than 95% of infants, children and young adults. Protection lasts at least 20 years and is probably lifelong.Better training of healthcare workers.All patients needing surgery should be screened for viral hepatitis and there should be separate operation theatres facilities for patients.. In addition reuse of razors in many barber shops that may spread hepatitis in a substantial number of individuals. and must be discouraged.

Treatment:

There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B. Therefore, care is aimed at maintaining comfort and adequate nutritional balance, including replacement of fluids lost from vomiting and diarrhoea. Early antiviral treatment may be required in fever than 1% of people, whose infection takes a very aggressive course (fulminant hepatitis) or who are immunocompromised. On the other hand, treatment of chronic infection may be necessary to  reduce the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer.

By Dr Aamir iqbal                       

Fever and Temperature first aid managment

                                                         

Depression sign and symptoms and treatment | Depression causes and its prevention

                                             Depression

                                                   

                                                   

Heart diseases prevention How to keep your heart Healthy

                                                              

Heart attack, stroke and heart disease are responsible for a significant number of deaths and hospitalizations each year specially in developing countries. causes include smoking, drinking excessive alcohol, excess body weight, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, genetic and lack of exercise. However, improvements in detection, awareness and treatment have dramatically reduced the death rates of heart disease.In this article we will tell you some simple and easy ways to avoid all those sort of problems.

                   

                                                      

Having healthy lifestyle.

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1. Exercise. regular exercise is extremely important.Now it is recommended for an adult to spend 3 hour in a week in aerobic exercises. 
2. Get active.
3. Stay at a healthy weight. Try to reduce weight  because it responsible in getting additional cholesterol which is basis for heart coronary heart diseases
4. Get enough sleep. Sleep is an essential part of keeping your heart healthy. If you don’t sleep enough, you may be at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease no matter your age or other health habits.
5. Quit smoking and stay away from secondhand smoke.
6. If you drink alcohol, drink only in moderation.

Healthy Diet

1.  It mean eating natural food and avoiding junk food .
2.  Do not forget to eat breakfast because it will increase your weight that will lead to heart diseases.
3.  Decrease salt and sugar intake it is basic risk factor for diabetes and hypertension.
4. Minimum intake of bad Fats like hydrogenated oil and maximum intake of good fats like fish oil.

Avoid stress.

1. Try to avoid stress it lead to hypertension research shows that people who avoid stress are having longer life than people who don't.

Stay in touch with your doctor.

1. If you have any heart disorder ,or any family history of heart disorder ,or you are at high risk always make sure to stay in touch with your doctor.

                                                                               

By  Dr Aamir Iqbal

 

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Cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR),Accidents Managment and CPR training

                                                     

Every human being in his/her life encounter some worst moments like car accidents , bomb blast, natural disasters etc these bad moment commonly appear by surprise ,suddenly. Then some questions could come to head such as what do i do?when such situations occur it is important to take right decision to save lives thus it necessary to learn about first aid CPR is part of first aid which is  is an emergency procedure that combines chest compression often with artificial ventilation in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest. It is indicated in those who are unresponsive with no breathing or abnormal breathing,CPR is a basic tool to handle accidents and other life threatening problems.following steps should be taken in these situations.

• check for danger
• check for response 
• call for help
• check for airway
• check for breathing
• check for circulation

CHECK FOR DANGER.
check any kind of danger to yourself or to the affected person try to make area and people around there safe.
CHECK FOR RESPONSE.
For checking mental status speak to the casualty ask questions are you ok ? you can also check response by touching them.
CALL FOR HELP.
if there is no response call or help to nearest hospital ,emergency service etc do not forget to tell to operator following information

• Information about injured person and his state
• Nature of accident
• number of people involved
• area address your phone number
• and any other info asked by operator

CHECK THE AIRWAY.

• First open the mouth and check inside for any particle that obstruct the airway if you find any try to remove it gently.
• If the person is unconscious then open the mouth look inside and if mouth is clear then tilt his head gently back by lifting their chin and check for breathing.
• Be careful to such a patient who has neck spine injury movement of any kind in these patient may worsen situation so try to stabilize their neck and spine.
• Breathing can be checked by looking chest movements, listen to the air movement into nose and mouth, and feeling chest movement by putting your hand on patient chest.
• if he is breathing and unconscious then place him into recovery position.

                                                                      

• If the casualty is unconscious and not breathing then we have to immediately start CPR.
• place your hand on his forehead,and pinch his nostrils together with the thumb and index finger of this hand. Let this same hand exert pressure on his forehead to maintain backward head tilt and maintain an open airway.
• With your hand.keep your fingertips on the bony part of the lower jaw near the chin and lift. 
• Take deep breath and place your mouth around the casualty mouth and blow two full breath into casualty mouth. 
• Now check the pulse if pulse is not felt and heart is not beating then place one hand on the back of other make a grip and place the heel of the first hand in the lower part of middle(sternum) bone of chest and start compressing up to 5 cm .

• After compressing 15 times again check pulse ,breathing if not found repeat the procedure.
• keep repeating these procedure until professional help arrives.

                                                       

By Dr Aamir iqbal  

Skin Burns first Aid treatment its types and simple home remedies

                   BURNS FIRST AID MANAGMENT

Burns are very common household injury. and it is very necessary to treat on emergency basis any delay or mismanagement can bring devastating results like infections. skin is protective organ of our body that’s why burning may cause dehydration and skin infections the major causes are chemicals, fire burns ,frictions, electricity. Burns has three types and first aid approach is different for each one.

First degree burns.

 A first-degree burn is the least serious type, involving only the outer layer of skin. Its main symptoms are:

·         Redness and Pain

You can usually treat a first-degree burn as a minor burn. The following steps should be followed

·         Cool the burn to help soothe the pain. Hold the burned area under cool (not cold) running water for 10 to 15 minutes or until the pain eases. if the body part is not accessible under running water  then apply a clean towel dampened with cool tap water.

·         Remove rings or other tight items from the burned area. Try to do this quickly and gently, before the area swells.

·         In case of child. He should be calmed and told that this problem does not need much attention.

·         Don’t apply ointments. Because they might cause infection. when the skin is cold it could be applied a moisturizing lotion.

·         Take sterile non adhesive cloth and cover the affected area.

·         If needed, take an over-the-counter pain reliever, such as ibuprofen, naproxen sodium or acetaminophen.                                                                                

·         Consider a tetanus shot. If the area become contaminated.

2nd-degree burn

A second-degree burn is more serious. Its major symptoms is:

·         Red skin

·         Swelling

·         Blisters

If the second-degree burn is no larger than 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter, treat it as a minor burn. It has to be manage by following lines.

·         Cool the burn to help soothe the pain. Hold the burned area under cool (not cold) running water for 10 to 15 minutes or until the pain eases. if the affected area are not accessible  then apply a clean towel dampened with cool tap water.

·         Remove rings or other tight items from the burned area. Try to do this quickly and gently, before the area swells.

·         Don't break small blisters (no bigger than your little fingernail). If blisters break, gently clean the area with mild soap and water, apply an antibiotic ointment, and cover it with a nonstick sterile gauze bandage.

·         Don’t apply ointments without doctor consultation. It may cause infection.

·         If needed, take an over-the-counter pain reliever, such as ibuprofen, naproxen sodium or acetaminophen.

·         Consider a tetanus shot.

·         Take patient to the hospital .See your doctor if you develop large blisters.

3rd-degree burns 

            

The most serious burns involve all layers of the skin and underlying fat. Muscle and even bone may be affected. Burned areas may be charred black or white. The person may experience:

·         Difficulty breathing

·         Carbon monoxide poisoning

The following steps should be taken.

Call for emergency medical help for 3^rd-degree burns. Until an emergency unit arrives, take these actions:

·         If the victim shows flames in some places of his/her corporal surface control the fire completely with a sufficiently thick sheet or clothing.
Protect the burned person from further harm. If you can do so safely, make sure the person you're helping is not in contact with smoldering materials or exposed to smoke or heat. But don't remove burned clothing stuck to the skin.
Check for signs of circulation. Look for breathing, coughing or movement. Begin CPR if needed.
Remove jewelry, belts and other restrictive items, especially from around burned areas and the neck. Burned areas swell rapidly.
Don't immerse large severe burns in cold water. Doing so could cause a serious loss of body heat (hypothermia) or a drop in blood pressure and decreased blood flow (shock).
Elevate the burned area. Raise the wound above heart level, if possible.
Cover the area of the burn. Use a cool, moist, bandage or a clean cloth.        
 Do not give liquids or any food.

            Keep calm and keep the victim calm.
by Dr Aamir iqbal